AA,AAA Nabíječka
Dobíječka alkalických článků
The Alcaline Cell Charger
Zapojení vzniklo na základě zkušeností s alkalickými akumulátory RAM a s dobíjením primárních alkalických článků.
Obr. 1. Zapojení nabíječky
Fig. 1. Charger circuit
Description
This charger works as two channel current limited voltage source 1.6 V. Low charge current allows charging deep discharged cells (0.7 - 0.8 V) and non-rechargeable cells. Charge current can be changed by R9 and R10. With 470 Ohm is approx 7 mA. LED1 and LED indicates when cell voltage reached 1.6 V and cell is fully charged. If power supply is disconnected, reverse discharging current is negligibly (less than 1 microA). For this feature is operational amplifier type LM324 recommended or similar type with p-n-p transistor on input. Non-rechargeable cells can be charged, but their capacity will be significantly less than rechargeable cells
Popis zapojení
Alkalické akumulátory jsou vhodné do přístrojů s malou spotřebou (hodiny, teploměry). Běžně prodávané nabíječky alkalických akumulátorů však nelze použít, pokud je akumulátor vybit pod 1 V – nabíjecí proud je příliš velký a akumulátor se zničí. U nabíječky pro dva články na obr. 1 je s uvedenými součástkami nabíjecí proud jen asi 7 mA. Nabíjení pak trvá sice dlouho, lze však zachránit i články vybité na 0,7 V a také dobíjet primární alkalické články. Nabíječka je navržena pro režim, kdy máme jeden nebo dva akumulátory navíc, které postupně v přístrojích vyměňujeme. Zapojení je vlastně dvojitý zdroj stabilizovaného napětí 1,6 V s proudem omezeným rezistorem R9 (R10). Stabilizátor IC1 vytváří referenční napětí 2,5 V, ze kterého je pak děličem odvozeno nabíjecí napětí 1,6 V. Článek B1 se dobíjí proudem procházejícím přes R9 a tranzistor T1, který je otevřený proudem tekoucím přes R7. Dosáhne-li napětí článku 1,6 V, začne se zmenšovat napětí na výstupu operačního zesilovače IC2D, tranzistor T1 se začne zavírat a nabíjecí proud se omezí. Současně se překlopí IC2C zapojený jako komparátor a rozsvítí se LED1 indikující nabitý článek. Obvod pro druhý článek je zcela shodný. Pokud budete nabíjet pouze akumulátory, lze zmenšit odpor rezistorů R9 a R10 až na 47 Ohm, nabíjecí proud se pak asi 10x zvětší. Současně je také třeba zmenšit odpor rezistorů R7 a R8 až na 4,7 kOhm.
Nabíječka byla navržena tak, aby byla napájena ze zdroje „občasného“ napětí 5 V, jakým je např. USB port. Zmizí-li napájecí napětí, nabíjení se přeruší a z nabíjeného článku se odebírá zanedbatelný proud («1 µA), tekoucí závěrně pólovanými přechody tranzistoru T1 (b-e) a vstupního p-n-p tranzistoru operačního zesilovače. Z těchto důvodů doporučuji dodržet typ OZ, s jiným typem bude sice nabíječka fungovat, avšak při vypnutém napájení se může článek vybíjet.
Na obr. 2 a 3 je deska s plošnými spoji. Podle potřeby použijte pouzdra na články velikosti AA, AAA nebo pro obě velikosti. V nabíječce jsem použil většinou součástky ze šuplíkových zásob a součástky vypájené z různých vraků. Tranzistory 2SC945 (na pouzdru je označení C945) najdete např. ve zdrojích pro PC. Lze je nahradit jakýmkoliv jiným typem s proudovým zesílením alespoň 150, nejlépe s vývody v pořadí e-c-b, které pak můžete zapájet podle obr. 3. LED vyberte raději mezi typy s velkou svítivostí. Odpory rezistorů R11 až R13 pak upravte tak, aby LED svítily přibližně stejně.
Nabíječka se celkem osvědčila i pro nabíjení nenabíjecích alkalických baterií. Na rozdíl od akumulátorů RAM je však kapacita nabitého článku výrazně menší.
Obr. 2. Deska s plošnými spoji modulu (79 x 61 mm). Použijete-li pravé tlačítko myši a zvolíte-li "Uložit obrázek jako", získáte předlohu spojů v rozlišení 600 dpi
Fig. 2. PCB layout (79 x 61 mm). Click right mouse button and choose "Save image as" to get 600 dpi resolution image
Motiv desky v souboru PDF / PCB layout in PDF file here
Obr. 3. Rozmístění součástek
Fig. 3. Locations of components on board
Seznam součástek
Parts list
R1 | 2,2 kohm |
R2 | 10 kohm |
R3 | 2,7 kohm |
R4 | 15 kohm |
R5, R6 | 5,6 kohm |
R7, R8 | 22 kohm (viz text) / depend on R9, R10 (approx. 50 times greater than R9, R10) |
R9, R10 | 470 ohm (viz text) / change charge current |
R11, R12 | 1 kohm (viz text) / change LEDs current |
R13 | 1 kohm, SMD1206 |
C1 | 100 nF, keramický |
D1, D2 | 1N4148 apod. |
T1, T2 | 2SC945 apod. |
IC1 | TL431C |
IC2 | LM324 |
LED1 až LED3 | libovolné LED 3 mm s malým příkonem / any low power 3 mm LEDs |
pouzdra na články / cell cases AA, AAA | |
deska s plošnými spoji bcs67 / PCB board see fig. 2 |
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Такой простой метод позволяет отсечь вымышленные координаты, которыми часто прикрываются мошенники, а также полюбоваться на заявленные места головных офисов. Этот простой метод не подвёл и с «Эсперио».
В футере сайта, а также в шапке клиентского договора указан один и тот же адрес на Сент-Винсент и Гренадинах: First Floor, First St. Vincent Bank Ltd Building, James Street, Kingstown. Здание действительно существует, и оно напрямую связано с финансовой системой. Находится в нём ровно то, что мошенники не удосужились вычистить из адреса: First St. Vincent Bank Ltd Building. То есть главный банк страны.
Несмотря на миниатюрность учреждения в карликовом государстве, офшорный банк не бедствует и уж точно не докатился до сдачи в аренду первого этажа здания всяческим проходимцам. Банкам по любым протоколам безопасности запрещается делить помещения с любыми арендаторами, поскольку это создаёт дополнительную уязвимость.
Ровно этим же адресом прикрылись лохоброкеры Pro Trend и Moon X. При этом признаков клонирования у этих ресурсов с Esperio нет, так что скорее мы имеем дело с новым популярным резиновым адресом. Выбор удачный: координаты ещё не растиражированы по сотням и тысячам сайтов, рисков, что на далёкий офшорный остров нагрянет русскоязычный клиент мало. Да ещё и поверхностная проверка через поисковик покажет, что адрес существует и там что-то про финансы. Так что для целей мошенников отлично подходит.
Чарджбэк для возврата средств на карту
Детальное руководство от экспертов
Не менее полезно проверять реальный стаж компаний. В большинстве случаев его выдаёт доменное имя. Esperio уверяет, что работает на благо трейдеров с 2011 года, однако проверка по доменному имени изобличает эту ложь. Сайт esperio.org пустили в дело только в мае 2022 года. Это зеркало, как и все прочие засветившиеся на скриншоте Центробанка РФ доменные имена лжеброкера, созданы в середине 2021 года. То есть лоховозка работает не более 1 календарного года. Впрочем, это солидный срок: большинство её коллег не преодолевают рубежа в несколько месяцев. Однако речи о солидном стаже и соответствии заявленному в легенде 2011 году не идёт.
Как чёрный брокер Esperio маскируется под нормального
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