AA,AAA Nabíječka
Dobíječka alkalických článků
The Alcaline Cell Charger
Zapojení vzniklo na základě zkušeností s alkalickými akumulátory RAM a s dobíjením primárních alkalických článků.
Obr. 1. Zapojení nabíječky
Fig. 1. Charger circuit
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Description
This charger works as two channel current limited voltage source 1.6 V. Low charge current allows charging deep discharged cells (0.7 - 0.8 V) and non-rechargeable cells. Charge current can be changed by R9 and R10. With 470 Ohm is approx 7 mA. LED1 and LED indicates when cell voltage reached 1.6 V and cell is fully charged. If power supply is disconnected, reverse discharging current is negligibly (less than 1 microA). For this feature is operational amplifier type LM324 recommended or similar type with p-n-p transistor on input. Non-rechargeable cells can be charged, but their capacity will be significantly less than rechargeable cells
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Popis zapojení
Alkalické akumulátory jsou vhodné do přístrojů s malou spotřebou (hodiny, teploměry). Běžně prodávané nabíječky alkalických akumulátorů však nelze použít, pokud je akumulátor vybit pod 1 V – nabíjecí proud je příliš velký a akumulátor se zničí. U nabíječky pro dva články na obr. 1 je s uvedenými součástkami nabíjecí proud jen asi 7 mA. Nabíjení pak trvá sice dlouho, lze však zachránit i články vybité na 0,7 V a také dobíjet primární alkalické články. Nabíječka je navržena pro režim, kdy máme jeden nebo dva akumulátory navíc, které postupně v přístrojích vyměňujeme. Zapojení je vlastně dvojitý zdroj stabilizovaného napětí 1,6 V s proudem omezeným rezistorem R9 (R10). Stabilizátor IC1 vytváří referenční napětí 2,5 V, ze kterého je pak děličem odvozeno nabíjecí napětí 1,6 V. Článek B1 se dobíjí proudem procházejícím přes R9 a tranzistor T1, který je otevřený proudem tekoucím přes R7. Dosáhne-li napětí článku 1,6 V, začne se zmenšovat napětí na výstupu operačního zesilovače IC2D, tranzistor T1 se začne zavírat a nabíjecí proud se omezí. Současně se překlopí IC2C zapojený jako komparátor a rozsvítí se LED1 indikující nabitý článek. Obvod pro druhý článek je zcela shodný. Pokud budete nabíjet pouze akumulátory, lze zmenšit odpor rezistorů R9 a R10 až na 47 Ohm, nabíjecí proud se pak asi 10x zvětší. Současně je také třeba zmenšit odpor rezistorů R7 a R8 až na 4,7 kOhm.
Nabíječka byla navržena tak, aby byla napájena ze zdroje „občasného“ napětí 5 V, jakým je např. USB port. Zmizí-li napájecí napětí, nabíjení se přeruší a z nabíjeného článku se odebírá zanedbatelný proud («1 µA), tekoucí závěrně pólovanými přechody tranzistoru T1 (b-e) a vstupního p-n-p tranzistoru operačního zesilovače. Z těchto důvodů doporučuji dodržet typ OZ, s jiným typem bude sice nabíječka fungovat, avšak při vypnutém napájení se může článek vybíjet.
Na obr. 2 a 3 je deska s plošnými spoji. Podle potřeby použijte pouzdra na články velikosti AA, AAA nebo pro obě velikosti. V nabíječce jsem použil většinou součástky ze šuplíkových zásob a součástky vypájené z různých vraků. Tranzistory 2SC945 (na pouzdru je označení C945) najdete např. ve zdrojích pro PC. Lze je nahradit jakýmkoliv jiným typem s proudovým zesílením alespoň 150, nejlépe s vývody v pořadí e-c-b, které pak můžete zapájet podle obr. 3. LED vyberte raději mezi typy s velkou svítivostí. Odpory rezistorů R11 až R13 pak upravte tak, aby LED svítily přibližně stejně.
Nabíječka se celkem osvědčila i pro nabíjení nenabíjecích alkalických baterií. Na rozdíl od akumulátorů RAM je však kapacita nabitého článku výrazně menší.
Obr. 2. Deska s plošnými spoji modulu (79 x 61 mm). Použijete-li pravé tlačítko myši a zvolíte-li "Uložit obrázek jako", získáte předlohu spojů v rozlišení 600 dpi
Fig. 2. PCB layout (79 x 61 mm). Click right mouse button and choose "Save image as" to get 600 dpi resolution image
Motiv desky v souboru PDF / PCB layout in PDF file here
Obr. 3. Rozmístění součástek
Fig. 3. Locations of components on board
Seznam součástek
Parts list
| R1 | 2,2 kohm |
| R2 | 10 kohm |
| R3 | 2,7 kohm |
| R4 | 15 kohm |
| R5, R6 | 5,6 kohm |
| R7, R8 | 22 kohm (viz text) / depend on R9, R10 (approx. 50 times greater than R9, R10) |
| R9, R10 | 470 ohm (viz text) / change charge current |
| R11, R12 | 1 kohm (viz text) / change LEDs current |
| R13 | 1 kohm, SMD1206 |
| C1 | 100 nF, keramický |
| D1, D2 | 1N4148 apod. |
| T1, T2 | 2SC945 apod. |
| IC1 | TL431C |
| IC2 | LM324 |
| LED1 až LED3 | libovolné LED 3 mm s malým příkonem / any low power 3 mm LEDs |
| pouzdra na články / cell cases AA, AAA | |
| deska s plošnými spoji bcs67 / PCB board see fig. 2 |
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